Frailty, Thy Name Is Woman - 1272 Words

Onyekere 1 Chinelo Onyekere Julie Rea Eng 112 Date Hamlet s statement â€Å"Frailty, thy name is woman† Hamlet statement shows that he was not happy with his mother s remarriage to his uncle. He is referring to his mother he fells that she is weak and not strong enough to mourn his father for longer period. Hamlet was in state of emotional distress due to his fathers death. â€Å"Frailty, thy name is woman,† frail connotes delicacy, unreliability, and moral corruptibility capturing the ways in which people with â€Å"extraordinary† bodies are interpreted as socially suspect on a number of fronts. Although it has been interpreted as meaning physical fragility in contemporary contexts, frailty in this sense refers to the tendency of women to be unfaithful in love (Sally). Gertrude is not dominated herself as a moral weakness. Gertrude is not dominated herself as a moral weakness. Hamlet make the statement base on what he see on his mother characters in marrying Claudius. But he is referring that all women are weak. Weakly betrayed her passion for Viola, appearing under the character of a cavalier, she acquiesces in her indiscretion by saying, For such as we are made, if such we be,Alas! ourShow MoreRelatedEssay Linguistic Analysis of Hamlet713 Words   |  3 Pagesto Claudius. He compares Claudius to his father (his father was so excellent a king while Claudius is a bestial satyr). As he runs through his description of their marriage, he touches upon the important motifs of misogyny, crying, Frailty, thy name is woman; incest, commenting that his mother moved with such dexterity to incestuous sheets; and the ominous omen the marriage represents for Denmark, that it is not nor it cannot come to good. Each of these motifs recurs throughout the playRead MoreA Brief Note On William Shakespeare s Hamlet 1134 Words   |  5 Pagessociety Paragraph #2 - Body Paragraph 1 - Gertrude Who is Gertrude Gertrude’s values Unfaithfulness How she is represented in the play Why she married Claudius Sexual Appetite Paragraph #3 - Body Paragraph 2 - Frailty, thy name is woman! Inconstancy of women â€Å"Frailty, thy name is woman!† Disgust at all women Hamlet’s views of women Mention Ophelia Paragraph #4 - Body Paragraph 3 - Ophelia Ophelia is a victim Dependent on the men in her life - Father, Brother, and Hamlet Denied love from HamletRead MoreEssay on Conscience of Queen Gertrude in Shakespeares Hamlet1134 Words   |  5 PagesTo some readers and critics, Gertrude is conceived as an erratic, superficial and sensual woman. Others discern the Queen as an earnest, intellectual and sagacious woman whose tragic fault is her yearning for sexual satisfaction. Throughout the text, there are several legitimate arguments for both sides, but in the end, Hamlet seems to sum up the Queen’s true persona with the words â€Å"Frailty, thy name is woman†. Evidence of Gertrude’s true nature can be found in many instances through out the playRead MoreWomen s Liberty Through Literature1105 Words   |  5 Pages Chaucer tells three stories told by women. Each of these women do not fully fulfill the images connected with the role the character is supposed to fill†(Vaneckova, Vladislava (2007) â€Å"Women in Geoffrey Chaucer’s The Canterbury Tales: Woman as a narrator, W oman in the narrative† (Master’s Diploma Thesis, Masaryk University) available from http://is.muni.cz/th/74590/ff_m/chaucer.pdf ). A nun and wife are the roles the two characters who stick out the most. Neither of which are told doing the rolesRead MoreWomen ´s Role in Othello by William Shakespeare717 Words   |  3 PagesFrailty, thy Name is Woman Women stereotypically are portrayed as a weak gender. Often women are given the roles in which they must rely on the protection and permission of men to go about both action and idea. When conflict occurs between any male characters, the female character can be torn and forced to make a decision in which no matter the decision, she will be put in a bad view. When the demand for a woman to have allegiance to a man’s will and subsequently given no opinion or independentRead MoreEssay on Shakespeares Soliloquies - Hamlet’s Soliloquy1034 Words   |  5 Pagesextreme contrast increases the importance of Hamlets father and yet also makes a mockery of Claudius character; one which, to this point, the audience could have seen as strong and domineering.    When Hamlet says, Frailty, thy name is woman, he is personifying frailty as the entire of the female race. The actions of his mother have lead him to believe that all women are capable of acting in this wicked way and that all women are weak. Alongside the image of his father that is communicatedRead MoreThe Character of Gertrude in Shakespeare’s Hamlet Essay1558 Words   |  7 Pages    The character of Gertrude in Shakespeare’s tragedy, Hamlet, is not a woman for emulation by others. She is too human, and not very intelligent. Let’s consider her in this essay.    Mary Bradford-Whiting, in her article â€Å"Mothers in Shakespeare† compares the mother of Juliet to the mother of Hamlet:    Juliet has a mother, to whose heart of stone she appeals in vain:    . . . O, sweet my mother, cast me not away! [Romeo and Juliet, III.v.198]    Hamlet has a motherRead MoreWilliam Shakespeare s Twelfth Night Or What You Will Essay936 Words   |  4 Pagesmeaning? (Beha BR18) The characters in Shakespeare’s Hamlet are very diverse in personality and in their roles. Herein lie the questions: How do the characters differ and how do their roles impact others and ultimately affect the play? â€Å"Frailty, thy name is woman!† (Branagh 1996) Hamlet, the prince of Denmark, has much love for his mother, Queen Gertrude, and within the emotion of his anguish over the untimely death of his father, his frustration builds with tumultuous peaks and valleys in a seaRead MoreCharacter Analysis Of Hamlet1065 Words   |  5 Pageshang on him as if increase of appetite had grow by what it fed on, and yet, within a month— Let me not think on ’t. Frailty, thy name is woman!† He states that he can t believe how weak women are, he said that even an animal would mourn the loss of its mate longer than she did. In Act 1, Scene 2 (Gertrude) (lines 145-155) Quote â€Å"Let me not think on ’t. Frailty, thy name is woman!—A little month, or ere those shoes were old With which she followed my poor father’s body,Like Niobe, all tears. WhyRead MoreConflict Between Hamlet And Laerte By William Shakespeare1564 Words   |  7 Pages Beginning in Act I scene ii, the queen Gertrude is seen and, after her and the King Claudius convince Hamlet to stay in the castle until his grief is gone, they exit. After the queen and king leave, Hamlet begins to have monolouge. â€Å"...Frailty, thy name is woman! A little month, or ere those shoes were old with which she followed my poor father’s body, like Niobe, all tears. Why, she-- O God, a beast that wants discourse of reason would have mourned longer!-- married with my uncle, my father’s brother

Essay on Genetic Engineering Is Not Safe - 990 Words

Genetic engineering is the intended modification to an organism’s genetic makeup. There have been no continuing studies on this topic or action so there is no telling whether or not it is harmless. Genetic engineering is not safe because scientists have no absolute knowledge about living systems. Given that, they are unable to do DNA surgery without creating mutations. Any interference on an organism’s genetic makeup can cause permanent damage, hereditary defects, lack of nutritious food, or a spread of dangerous diseases. Even through the downsides of genetic engineering scientists have had a few breakthroughs. It can help us in our farming needs and also drugs for animals, and pesticides. For agriculture, engineering is used for†¦show more content†¦Now that there are new technologies, scientists are capable of helping doctors by creating life-saving technology. If a person is bleeding excessively and lacks the correct gene, doctors would insert a gene into their DNA so that a healing process in that person is now possible. Cloning is the production of something that is genetically identical to each other. The word cloning is the time when people get hesitant about the process of genetic engineering. When the word â€Å"clone† is used people automatically assume that an exact twin or ‘clone’ is developed, this isn’t the case. Through cloning scientists may be able to reverse the aging process, or come up with medical processes that can save hundreds of people’s lives. Say someone was involved in a serious accident. They are rushed to the hospital and after all that is done they are still given a 85% chance to survive. They are currently lacking an organ to sustain a stable body. Embryonic stem cells can be grown to produce organs or tissues to repair or replace damaged ones, this is credited to biotechnology. There are other possibilities that come with cloning and biotechnology, but with reward there is risk. With cloning, infertile couples could have children, but the child may have a mutation if not done with the utmost precision. Also because of human cloning and its technology the days of silicone breast implants and other cosmetic procedures that mayShow MoreRelatedGenetic Modification : Genetically Modified Organism1067 Words   |  5 Pages Genetic modification will improve life everywhere by helping to feed the hungry and curing the sick. GMO stands for genetically modified organism. According to the New Oxford American Dictionary, this means an organism containing genetic material that has been artificially altered so as to produce a desired characteristic. Generally, genetic modification happens one of two ways. First, picks the organism with desired traits and breeds it to another with the same traits, making the desired traitsRead MoreGenetic Engineering: Brave New World1012 Words   |  5 PagesGenetic engineering has been around for many years and is widely used all over the planet. Many people don’t realize that genetic engineering is part of their daily lives and diet. Today, almost 70 percent of processed foods from a grocery store were genetically engineered. Genetic engineering can be in plants, foods, animals, and even humans. Although debates about genetic engineering still exist, many people have accepted due to the health benefits of gene therapy. The lack of knowledge has alwaysRead MoreGenetic Engineering And The Human Existence1193 Words   |  5 Pages Why is genetic engineering crucial to the human existence? Initially, genetic engineering, also called genetic modification, is the process of manually adding new unique DNA into an organism. The objective is to add one or numerous new traits that are not already constructed in that particular organism. New DNA inserts in the host genome and immediately isolates and replicates the gene of interest by using molecular cloning methods to synthesize a DNA sequence; then inserting this construct intoRead MoreGenetically Modified Organisms And The Health Of The Population1177 Words   |  5 PagesGenetic engineering (GE) is the process of modifying organisms, usually to perfect them in some way. This process involves the changing of gene sequences in an organism by inserting different genes from two or more species into the chromosome of the organism being modified (Genetically Modified Food). GE is used in a wide variety of organisms including plants, animals, and, crops. The purpose of using these techniques in crops is to improve the quality of them. GE can yield multiple benefitsRead MoreShort Essay On How To Feed The Planet1596 Words   |  7 Pagesthrough the process of genetic engineering. This process allows scientists to directly change the genome of a plant to eliminate undesired traits and elevate desired traits. Humans haven’t always been able to directly alter the genome, but since the beginning of agriculture theyve bred crops with desired traits through selective breeding and crossbreeding. These processes allowed early farmers to create stronger crops and although it wasn’t as effective as modern genetic engineering, it paved the roadRead MoreBenefits Of Genetically Modified Foods1647 Words   |  7 PagesMost people consume genetically modified, or GM, foods every day without even being aware. While some do avidly monitor their food consumption and avoid GM foods, others simply eat GM foods because, to them, GM foods seem safe to consume. In â€Å"Genetically Modified Foods Are Not Safe to Eat,† osteopath, Joseph Mercola, advocates his concerns of consuming GM foods and stresses that more people need to be aware of what they eat. Even though some may still disagree that genetically modified foods are unsafeRead MoreHuman Genetic Engineering : Ethical Or Not?1117 Words   |  5 PagesKendal Gower Professor Fountain English 101 17 September 2014 Human Genetic Engineering: Ethical or Not? If man could prevent his child from having Tay Sachs Disease, Cystic Fibrosis, Down Syndrome and other life threatening genetic disorders, should he be able to? Using human genetic engineering, scientists have developed the skills and techniques to do just this. Human genetic engineering, however, is fairly new in the science world and many questions and unresolved problems still remain. ThisRead MoreGenetic Engineering Is The Making Of New Genetic Material Of An Organism From Pre Made Material1119 Words   |  5 PagesPeter Miller Mrs. Knetter IB Biology February 23rd 2016 Genetic engineering is the making of new genetic material of an organism from pre-made material. Generically, it uses ancient practises of selecting a certain organism to breed and hybridize. Genetic engineering is done by involving the manipulating the DNA. Restriction enzymes are used produced by different species of bacteria. Vectors are important in the DNA manipulation which carry fragments of DNA from organism to organism calledRead MoreGenetic Engineering : A World Where Autism And Downs Syndrome1270 Words   |  6 PagesGenetic Engineering Imagine a world where autism and downs syndrome are a thing of the past, and where there is no shortage on food for anybody. Over the years mankind has developed and improved technology to save more and more lives through the manipulation of the DNA that makes up all living organisms. However, there are those who oppose this approach. Despite the risks and ethical concerns, genetic engineering holds the potential to benefit humanity through both direct and indirect means. InRead MoreBenefits Of Genetic Engineering711 Words   |  3 PagesShould genetic engineering be allowed? â€Å"With genetic engineering, we will be able to increase the complexity of DNA, and improve the human race.† - Stephen Hawking. Genetic engineering is the genetic modification of an organism’s phenotype, also known as an organism’s genetic makeup. Genetic engineering can have its advantages and disadvantages, but I believe there are more advantages than disadvantages. There are a number of benefits that we can only discover if scientists consider to study and

Advanced quantitative analysis free essay sample

The paragraph has a few grammatical mistakes. Moreover, doesnt summarize what is exactly said in your essay. The report gives an overview of the agile and lean strategies that have been implemented in the MAS holdings, a Sri Lankan private company. The report starts with an introduction to the case study that is under discussion. Furthermore it provides the solutions to different problems that arise from the change process. Demand predictability and unpredictability is explained with an overview of how to deal with the changing condition. First, the lean supply chain strategy is implemented and its behavior on the overall value chain is explained with help of examples. Secondly, the importance of ethical behavior in business development is discussed. Moreover, the advantages that a company can gain strategically by informing the customers about the ethical practices being conducted are also explained. Company profile: The MAS holdings manufacture a wide variety of fashionable women apparels, leisure wear, sleepwear, undershirts and lingerie. The company also provides swimwear; sports, fabrics and accessories such as lace warp knit fabric, fortitude and lastics in Sri Lanka and works as suppliers for the major brands like Victoria secrets, Marks Spencer, Nike and GAP. The headquarters of MAS holdings is situated in Colombo, Sri Lanka. The company is privately owned by Amalean family with almost 34,450 employees. It provides the manufactured apparels to the most famous brands from its 21 factories that are located in 10 different countries. (Watson, 2006) 1. Introduction: about case study The case study about MAS holdings that is currently in review is about how the company is managing the delivery solutions to the global apparel industry. It gives an overview of global textile and apparel industry followed by an overlook of the industry in Sri Lanka where the headquarters are located. Because of low labor cost and different financial incentives given to the labor, there are over 1000 companies related to apparel manufacturing are operating in Sri Lanka. MAS holdings initiated a joint venture with MAST that helped the company to access other markets and prove its manufacturing excellence. One of the major goals of Amalean was to develop such strategies that results in meeting the demands ot customers wit n the ever hanging fashion trends. In this regard, the speed and flexibility in the operations were crucial to the success of the business. The company started backward vertical integration in order to keep running the operations in long-run as it was difficult to import raw material from countries like china and UK due to WTO trade restrictions. Another major goal was of information sharing within the company and bringing IT solutions in managing the operations that could provide a competitive edge to the company. The company started the SAP enterprise Resource planning solutions in 997 and become the worlds fourth apparel manufacturing company to do so. In order to speed up the production process to meet the needs of clients, MAS holdings need to enhance its operations. In this regard it need to figure out that whether lean manufacturing should be implemented in the operations that can produce stable volumes or the company should go into more agile strategy that is difficult to implement for challenging volumes. 2. Unpredictable demand: (r u giving solution or just explaining? MAS holdings currently run a business that is fast pace. To cope with the changing eeds of the customers, the company must lower its lead time. Apparels industry is a very dynamic industry as the demands change seasonally. In order to gain a competitive edge, the company needs to speed up its communication process within the company as well as outside and it can only be achieved when the companys IT services are well es tablished without any errors. As the company is dealing with I-JK and U. S top brands like Victoria secrets, Gap and Nike, the demand for the products become unpredictable at times. As these companies have enough competition in the market. Dian Gomes, the managing director of MAS holdings, in an interview with ATA Oournal for Asia on Textile Apparels) in 2009 explained that the competitive edge the company is having right now is its comprehensive and precise supply chain that keeps on extending with the changing demands. The nature of current supply chain is integrated and the company makes partners with other leading and globally renowned company for the supply of raw materials. MAS holdings suppliers are Noyon Dentelles (France) for lace, stretch line global for elastic fabrics and with texprint for fabric printing etc. Whats this? Solution or explanation? Seems without context) This is the solution. I have written the context above the paragraph 3. Predictable demand: (this seems normal explanation) In order to deal with the customer demand that is more predictable, the company is using lean manufacturing techniques like Toyota production systems in order to cut down the cost and the lead time. Phong, 2009). According to the case study, the company was still in the process of devising solutions for the problems that whether they should apply lean strategy in order cut down the lead time and makes large olumes of products or to be more flexible. These questions were solved when the company started using the lean manufacturing Just like Toyota productions in 2005. The lean strategy was the solution to one of the problems with regard to cutting cost and reduc ing lead time. *** As it was asked in instructions to use all the latest news regarding the topic thats why I have mentioned that the lean strategy is being implemented and that is why is have mentioned the importance of implementing lean strategy in the company that in what aspects it is benetlcial tor the company. Problem with current strategy: The problems with the recent supply chain strategy arise when the employees are not motivated to adapt to the changing new technologies and environment. The decision making process using the SAP technologies are only at an optimal level. According to the current case study, The IT managers at the company are not satisfied with the implementation of SAP system into the supply chain process. They are of the view that although employees were trained in such a manner that there be no errors in the data entry process but on the technical level the system is not tilized at even half of its capacity and on strategic level the employees are not able to make decision on the system. They are not mature enough to deal with the change process. Another problem that company is facing is to meet the demands of its most valuable customer; Victoria secrets. As Victoria secrets is in need to reduce the time of the cycle that is required for one design of an item to arrive in market. Being the suppliers to Victoria secrets, its the responsibility of MAS holdings to reduce their own lead time. It also includes the decrease in time to produce one item, reduction in ransportation time. 5. How the problems can be solved: Though MAS holdings have currently implemented the Toyota production systems (MAS holdings, 2012) (Phong, 2009) and are applying the lean logistics in order to deal with the massive amount of orders from its clients. According to Mayo (2010), the lean production system of Toyota includes the items as shown in fgure. Figure 7. 1 . http://txemainlogisticsworld. wordpress. com/2010/05/06/toyota- production-system-tps/ It is essential for the organization to build a strong agile base for its strategy. An article on daily news combines the business strategy with HR. the article implies that as the work load increases, the motivation of the employees decreases and they tend to perform Just at the base line of performance so they are not fired. But they do not show high performance and never exceed expectations. The Jobs are becoming dynamic and complex day by day. The employees require the staff to perform in such a way as to meet the desired performance level. It is only achieved by having the required skills, knowledge and attitude for the Job which is possible only with training the employees so they are able to cope with the changing needs (Daily News, 2009). Training the employes to deal with the changing demand is one of the solutions. They should be trained regarding their behavior and skills. The skills to use the SAP software upto full capacity can only be achieved by proper training 6. Importance of applying lean strategy: (you said before that Lean strategy is already being applied, then why are you giving reasons? ) I have changed the heading to importane of applying leand strategy. In order for the reader to fgure out that why lean strategy was applied. Its importance needs to be explained. I have given references A Report for U. S Environmental protection Agency by Ross Associates consulting (2000) shows the importance of using lean manufacturing Competition in the global markets force companies to reduce the prices by elimination the processes that ads no end value to the product. It helps in reducing cost. As Victoria secrets is one of the major clients of MAS holdings. Their demands are of top priority for MAS holdings. Victoria secrets wanted to reduce the 76 weeks cycle that took one design of bra to enter the market. It helps in reducing the time it takes for one bra design to enter the market. Customer Responsiveness is another major key. It means that companies need to work on the principles of Ford motor company in order to increase its efficiency and also to meet the Just in time customer demands that can be achieved with increasing volumes of production. In order to fulfil the demand of the customers to reduce the lead times so that the whole supply chain process can be finished with improved efficiency, MAS holdings need to reduce the transportation time from its own supplier. Consistent quality and desired outputs is another major reason as to why MAS holding should mplement lean strategy. According to Sehgal (2010), the lean and agile strategies can both be used simultaneously in order for a business to succeed. A misconception in using these strategies is that they are adequate for a company if used separately. They lean supply chain strategy focus on cutting the cost while it oversees the ever changing environment. While on the other side, an agile supply strategy responds to the changing environment but fails to deliver cost-effective results. So MAS holdings can take both the strategies simultaneously to meet the predictable and unpredictable demand. Wal-Mart is the best example that a company can apply both lean and agile supply chain approaches in order to make its mark. Wal-Mart sells its items at lowest possible rate sticking to the lean strategy while it adapts the agile strategy when it comes to clearing the store selves at discount and managing the overstocked stores. The optimization of inventory and transportation is conducted by using lean strategy of supply chain and in order to fulfill the store demand it used the agile strategy of cross docking that gives it a competitive edge. (Sehgal, 2010) 7. Implementing change management in lean implementation: The experts believe that in order to implement the change successfully, a company needs to transfer and install the change process deep into the system one step at a time. (Kovacheva, 2010) Step 1 . Changing the overall business culture to support the lean manufacturing: Apparels exports contribute to a major part of Sri Lankan Economy. The recent challenge that MAS holdings face in regard to the recent change in strategy to lean manufacturing. This change in strategy needs to be implemented throughout the group (Kovacheva, 2010). The complications arise when the deeply rooted culture needs to be changed. The change is implemented step wise. Changing the culture at MAS holding might not be a problem as the company eventually adopted the autocratic style of management due to business extension. But according to the case study the culture of young energetic ideas, sporting mindsets, social responsibility and performance still prevails. (How can you say this? Any reference? Lean and Culture are related? ) Step 2. Financing the training programs: The problems arise when the employees are not well trained and the company does not spend much on the training programs. Just like MAS holding IT software are not sed in full capacity by the employees as they do not have enough knowledge and expertise to make strategic decisions using the SAP sottware. According to Kovacneva (2010), the training programs are important to that extent that if the managers need to stop the productions for a while in order to conduct training programs they should not hesitate in doing so. Step 3. Communication of the new initiative by leadership: The third and final step is the communication of the new strategies being implemented in the system. The employees at MAS holdings are not used to autocratic style of management. The decision is made in different teams so they ight resist changing as the working hours of the employees will increase. At this level, the top management needs to inform the employees beforehand about the overall situation and to motivate them to work for the benefit of the customers. At this point the management can install some performance bonuses and other facilities inside the factory like clean environment, child care centers, health care centers for the employees so they can focus more on the product development. 0. 1mportance of ethical behavior in business development: According to Hill (2005), the importance of ethical behavior in any business evelopment can not be ignored as it sets the standards for what is right and wrong in the overall company. The relationship with the customers is based on trust. If a company is giving out its products at high prices and they are being mistreated and the sh ipment is not reached to customers on time then it will ultimately shatter the repute of the company and the customers will not be loyal. Similarly, compensation and equal opportunity for promotion and knowledge building must be provided to employees to they can perform with motivation. Furthermore a positive work environment and team work is essential. Being Ethical helps the company to avoid any legal problems as well. E. g. at MAS holdings, the workers are being trained and offered classes of English, financial management and IT through its Go beyond framework. 11. The risks of being unethical: Nowadays many companies are preferring money making over ethical practices. There are many risks associated with being unethical and not sticking to a standard code of conduct and industry regulations. 11. 1 Tarnished Repute: According to Zeiger (2000), the companies that do not apply ethical practices lose their credibility among people. This lack of trust on the company can affect its repute resulting in less business offers from the clients. Some of the companies might force their way out of the credibility issue by marketing campaigns but once a company is marked by people as unethical its repute is tarnished completely. According to Mok (2010), Gap holds factories in India that violates the child labor acts. The factory was raided and found that children at the age of 8 were also working in those sweatshop factories that resulted in a massive campaign against Gap. 11. 2 Employee Performance: Unethical behavior negatively affects the performance of employees. In order to achieve the given targets, the employees tend to practice unethically which results in more mistakes and more paper works with correction of errors. Sometimes they act unethically without getting noticed and the coworkers who believe in sticking to the ethical values stay behind and unable to complete the task assigned due to lack of motivation. This affects the overall performance of the company. (Zeiger, 2000) 1 1. 3 Legal Issues: The risks of being legally accused of unethical practices are many. The companies often have to pay large amount of practices for their unethical practices. Some ompanies believe in taking the risk and paying the fines for higher profits but in the long run these companies are avoided by the clients as customers do not want to be a part of legal practices and accused of being unethical. For example in 2008, an undercover investigation was conducted by a news channel in U. K. hat some of the Nikes contractors in Malaysia are confiscating the passport of migrated workers and forcing them for work in order to pay the immigration debt under contract. And in 2010 it was found that Nike still owes its old workers a severance pay of $2. 2 million. (Kon, 2010) 12. Maintaining transparency: In order to provide a healthy and ethical environment, the companies must enforce the code of conduct among all the suppliers, customers and employees. It is the duty of top management to maintain transparency and ensure that the rules and regulations are fully functional and communicated. 3. Code of conduct at MAS: According To Watson (2006), there are serious accusations on the apparel industry for being unethical in their behavior in order to get low prices. Child labor and sweat shop factories are used in the process. These unethical practices can tarnish the good repute of a company. The major brands dealing with apparels like Victoria secrets, GAP, Nike, and Marks Spencer have a reputation to maintain and they all prefer MAS holdings to be their suppliers as the company is conducting the following ethical practices to maintain its good position in market. It empowered almost 92% of women employees at the company through education and skill development. It also provides the basic facilities like transportation, free meals twice a day, medical facilities for the workers and banks inside the factory premises. The operations are shifted near the villages so that women wouldnt have to leave their homes in order o get work. Furthermore the company doesnt employee people less than 18 years of age Hygienic and clean work place is provided to the employees with a safe environment which helps in increasing the performance. As mentioned on pg 53 of the case study, MAS holdings enjoy a distinct place in the apparel industry for being socially responsible. The overall organizational culture at MAS is supporting for the employees and they take part in decision making process. If the decision turns out to be wrong then another chance to rectify it is always there which gives confidence to the workers. The employees are motivated, hardworking and passionate with the minds that question the top management. The culture was of agile nature. 4. Awareness among customers of the ethical practices conducted by the company: When a company acts ethically and provides green environmental facilities it become news and customers automatically gets attracted to the new schemes as it is beneficial for the society on the whole. For example when MAS holdings started working witn S and provided green power during the manutacturing ot its MAS holdings immediately became popular among its other clients like Nike and Gap. (Sri Lanka Apparel, 2008). 5. Strategic advantages for suppliers and customers for being ethical: Some of the most important strategic advantages for the suppliers and customers of a company being ethical are: Improved performance of employees A morally upgraded position among the customers which results in trustworthy relationships Being ethical provides a competitive edge and other competitors will be forced to take the same steps in order to succeed. 16. Ethical Behavior as Marketing Technique: The ethical behavior can be used as marketing technique. Nowadays the companies that focus on CSR have more intangible assets like its repute, being fair to the mployees and customers, services for community and its adherence to UNs corporate values. According to Watson (2006), MAS holdings spend more on CSR rather than on marketing because whatever the company does for the betterment of society on the whole shows for itself. The major clients like Victoria secrets wants to work with those suppliers whose activities are not questionable. Conclusion: (needs rewriting, proper summary) It can be concluded that the company can improve its value chain by applying the agile and lean strategies. Both these strategies are required in order to solve the roblems regarding reduction in lead time and cost of production and to use the SAP software up to its full capacity. In order for these strategies to be implemented properly, the company needs motivated and well trained staff. Furthermore the companys ethical practices can serve as a marketing technique. Poor ethical practices can result in tarnished repute, poor employee performance and legal issues. Moreover, the ethical practices like employees skill development and education, transportation facilities, hygienic and clean workplace must be communicated to all the suppliers and customers to maintain transparency. These thical practices are strategically important as it improves employee performance, builds a trustworthy relationship with customers and the competitors will be forced to take same steps which are beneficial for society on the whole.

Zip Car Performance Analysis free essay sample

Zipcar is expanding rapidly since it was established in 2000. According to its latest 8-k form, for the 2012 first quarter, revenue increased 20% to $59. 1 million compared to $49. 1 million in the prior year period. Revenue growth resulted primarily from a 23% year-over-year increase in membership to more than 709,000 members at quarter end. But does it really have a sustainable growth to support its expanding and operation? We implement a rough accounting and financial analysis to evaluate its performance and forecast its future. Due to the high fleet cost and Selling, General and Administrative cost, Zipcar never achieved a net profit in its history. It had a net margin as (7. 5%) in 2010 and (2. 9%) in 2011, the trend is positive, showing the management’s effort to increase the revenue and decrease expenses. For the effectiveness of utilizing the assets, Zipcar achieved its asset turnover rate as 7. 0% in 2011, compared to 7. 5% in 2010. This down trend can also showed as Zipcar’s revenue per member went from $429 in 2009 to 2 in 2011. We will write a custom essay sample on Zip Car Performance Analysis or any similar topic specifically for you Do Not WasteYour Time HIRE WRITER Only 13.90 / page This may results from the average 20% growth rate of members, and most of the new members did not use the hourly service as much as the old members. For the leverage, it was 4. 15 in 2010 and 1. 17 in2011, the result is positive, and showing that Zipcar’s strategy on decreasing financing cost on acquiring and maintaining the large scale of vehicles (Cut down on loan and acquire vehicles through Assets Backed Securities (ABS) Facility) has been working. For the Return of Equity, even though it is still negative as (2. 4%) at the end of 2011, its loss on equity decreased almost 90% from 23. % in 2010. The investors may see it as a positive signal that Zipcar did its best to increase its profitability, and It implies a possibility that Zipcar may achieve other analyst’ estimated 2 million net incomes at the end of FY 2012.   Since Zipcar’s core business is providing â€Å"wheels when people want them†, there are two factors determining the revenue of Zipcar, revenue per member and number of its membership. From the Exhibit1, Average revenue per member decreased from $410 in 2008 to $360 in 2011. Going forward, revenue per member will continue to see further declines as membership grows. We assume that 2012 will have the same downside rate as 2011, (2. 5%). In this way, the average revenue per member will reach around $351 for 2012. For the growth of members, Zipcar has 0. 54 million members in 2010 and 0. 67 million members in 2011, with a growth rate of over 24%. But the latest 8-K form shows a growth rate of 23%, so we estimate the growth rate of membership in 2012 is the same as the first quarter, and the total members of Zipcar will be 0. 824 million. With the estimated revenue per member, we will have estimated revenue as $289. 22 million. Be conservatively, we assume Zipcar hold the same profitability as 2011, the estimated loss will be $2. 1 million for 2012, increased from $1. 953 million in 2011(Exhibit 2). From the financial perspective, we use the PB ratio and PE ratio to estimate its growth rate. In the assumption, we use the 10-year Treasury bond rate as Risk Free rate as 1. 89%. For the equity risk premium, forward looking approaches, as well as more recent historical data, suggest an equity risk premium in the 3 to 5 percent range. So we choose 3. 2% in this case. What’s more, we get the Beta as 0. 102 by using last one year’s monthly data of Zipcar’s historical price and the NASDAQ-100 stock index (Exhibit 3). In this way, from Exhibit 4, we get estimated growth rate from PB ratio as 6. 9%, estimated growth from PE ratio as 4. 5% and sustainable growth rate of (12. 9)%. These numbers support our forecast in accordance with the accounting data. Zipcar do have to solve its problem of cost management in operation and financing activities. On the other hand, the stock price of Zipcar plunges since the beginning of 2012, reflect the investors’ negative expectation for the value of the company, considering the increasing fuel expense and appeals of buying a new car with huge cash discount from dealers and manufacturers and so on. Zipcar must provide solid performance, improved profitability of company, growth of memberships, a variety of new services and reasonable dividend policy in the future, to attract investors to buy in their stocks.

Free trade

Free trade Free trade is a part of the geopolitical landscape today, but that was not always the case. In terms of free trade, the practice of reciprocal non-interference had been followed in the second period between 1934 and 1990, but there had also been very different results ("Civil," 1999). The period witnessed an expansion in terms of the scope of civil society, and a growing labor movement had become increasingly involved in the debate; this occurred in addition to the shift in national objectives (1999). What happened was that the United States switched from a protectionist to a free-trade position with the enactment of the Reciprocal Trade Agreements Act of 1934 (RTAA) (1999). The move gave the president the authority to negotiate and impose tariff-reduction agreements (1999). The recurring conflicts in respect to the various factions within U.S. civil society had been resolved by a variation on reciprocal non-interference, where specific groups that objected to the overall policy of t rade liberalization could be "bought off" with the extension of special treatment (1999).PowerPoint 2010I love spending time with my friends and family on a regular basis and try and live life to the fullest.

Marketing and Buying Decision Essay Example

Marketing and Buying Decision Essay Example Marketing and Buying Decision Essay Marketing and Buying Decision Essay Principles of Marketing Name: Robert Barnes Student Number: 21154021 Institution: University of West London Table of Contents Introduction Question Personality Motivation Conflict Question Bibliography Introduction The case study I have chosen to cover is â€Å"Breezing out for a night on the tiles†. It discusses the rise of the premium pre-mixed drinks industry between 1995-2000, in particular the Bacardi Breezer brand. It looks at the marketing activity which has taken place and the brand association the marketers aimed to achieve. In this report I will be exploring the buying process involved when purchasing an alcoholic beverage, the influencing factors when making a decision and the role that marketing plays, in these decisions. The definition of marketing is â€Å"The management process which identifies anticipates and supplies customer requirements efficiently and profitably. † Adrian Palmer 2004 Personality noun (plural personalities) The coon of characteristics or qualities that form an individual’s distinctive character: – Oxford Dictionary 2012 ENTJ Frank, decisive, assume leadership readily. Quickly see illogical and inefficient procedures and policies, develop and implement comprehensive systems to solve organisational problems. Enjoy long-term planning and goal setting. Usually well informed, well read, enjoy expanding their knowledge and passing it on to others. Forceful in presenting their ideas. Introduction to Type, Sixth Edition by Isabel Briggs-Myers 1998 Question 1 Q. Give an overview of how the buying decision-making process might work for purchasing an alcoholic drink in a pub or club. How would this differ when purchasing alcohol in a supermarket or off licence? A. The Theory To answer this question we first need to look at the theories in marketing associated to the buying process, influences and behaviours. Diagram 2. 0 is the structure of the buying process based on the â€Å"Cognitive Paradigm† theory (Pickton and Broderick 2001) which focuses on the individuals thought process, during a buying decision. It assumes that the buying decision is approached as a problem solving activity and that the consumer is being rational throughout the process. It is widely used as the default theory by marketers and sales professionals when structuring campaigns. It does not however accurately describe the process that occurs during extreme impulse or irrational purchases, which are both, almost intangible processes. For the purpose of this exercise, we will assume that the responsible purchase of alcohol is approached, both rationally and thoughtfully. Diagram 2. 0 The Buying Process. Source: Marketing Communications, by John Egan. 2007) Step 1 of the process is the â€Å"Problem Recognition†. This is the identification of a need, such as â€Å"I am hungry, therefore I need to eat†. It can however be very complex and the consumer may require education or informing before recognising a problem exists, such as a dentist telling you, you need a filling, even though you hadn’t felt any pain in that tooth. Marketers can exploit this step by feeding information to consumers for goods and services, they hadn’t realised they needed. Step 2 of the process is the â€Å"Information Search†. This is when an individual has identified a need but may need to research to find the right solution. For example, if a student identifies a need for a computer, but has a limited budget, he or she might research information to identify the best option for the budget they have. This step can skipped if the consumer has enough knowledge, regarding the possible solutions. Step 3 of the process is â€Å"Evaluation†. This is when more than one option is available to solve the identified need, and the consumer wants to experience these before purchasing. An example would be someone test driving multiple cars before purchasing one. Effectively they will all satisfy the same need, but the consumer wants to know what the experience is, before making the decision. This step can skipped if the consumer has previous experience or is happy with a certain product or service beforehand. Step 4 of the process is â€Å"Decision†. This is simply the final choose for a solution to the identified need, after weighing up all options. Again, a consumer can move directly to this step from â€Å"Problem Recognition† if enough prior knowledge exists. Step 5 of the process is â€Å"Purchase†. This is when the decision is executed and the goods or services are acquired. Step 6 of the process is â€Å"Post-Purchase Evaluation†. This is when you access you satisfaction with your product or service after you have acquired it. If a great experience is had, it will lead to a higher likelihood that you will purchase that product or service again. Applying the theory Table 2. 0 is an application of the above theory, for an individual going through the buying process at both a club and supermarket. Buying Process Step| Nightclub or Pub| Supermarket| Problem Recognition| * A want to let loose. * A need for confidence. * A desire to fit in or stand-out. An aspiration to impress. | * Alcohol for cooking. * Thoughts of a night in. * A desire to relax and unwind. * Drinks for guests and friends. * Cheap drinks before going out. | Information Search| * Advertisement around the club. * Bottles behind the bar. * Drink cocktail menus. * What others are drinking. * Peer and/or social pressure. | * The label on the bottle. * Prices and special offers. * Staff knowledge. | Evaluation| * Tasting a friends drink. * Design of the bottle. * Recognition of a brand. | * Description on label. * Design and quality of bottle. Alcohol percentage. * Brand recognition. | Decision| * Information processed and decision made. | * Information processed and decision made. | Purchase| * Majority of exchanges in cash. | * Majority of exchanges by credit card. | Post-Purchase Evaluation| * Did that get me dr unk? * Did I like the taste? * Do I want another one? * Did it give me a hangover? | * Did I like the taste? * Was it good value? * Will I buy it again? * Did it get me to the desired level of drunkenness? | Table 2. 0 – The Buying Process of Alcohol in Different Environments. What this application of theory shows, is that there are different factors in play when buying alcohol in a club or pub compared to a supermarket, but the process remains the same. These factors are different mostly due to the environment, information availability, the individual’s intent and marketing strategies. If selling a drink in a club or pub it is more important for your drink to be seen as â€Å"cool† socially and price is less of a factor whereas if selling in a supermarket, your drink needs to be competitively priced yet still demonstrate a level of quality. Question 2 Q.Detail the individual and group influences that are likely to affect someone’s choice of drink brand? A. The Theory Diagram 3. 0 demonstrates the individual and group influencing factors when making a buying decision. Diagram 2. 1 – Factors affecting buying decisions. (Source: Marketing Communications, by John Egan. 2007) Our strongest influences when making a buying decision are our internal beliefs and values. These include Attitude, Perception, Learning, Memory and Motivation. The next in terms of influencing power are Primary Groups. Primary groups are made up of close friends, family and people who you respect. You are affected by these groups by the opinions and values they hold. The next group in terms of influencing power is the Secondary Group. This group is made up of people you know but not closely, or people who you may aspire to be like. Lastly there are influences depending on your Culture, Race or Religion, that will affect your decision when buying something. There are also External factors that include things that are beyond your control, such as Fashion, Law, Time ect. So how do these factors affect someone when buying an alcoholic drink? Well if I was out with my family, I would be unlikely to order shots, as they would not approve, whereas if I was out with close friends, then this would be the opposite. The secondary group has the same effect, but is less powerful in its influence. Question 3 Q. Explain the roles of the various marketing activities described in this case in influencing consumer behaviour. A. In 2000 Bacardi spent ? 14m on a campaign to promote their brand â€Å"Bacardi Breezer†. The reason to do this is to influence people decisions when making a buying decision. Bacardi’s first large campaign was in 1999 when they spent ? 5. 6m. The campaign was headlined with the slogan â€Å"there’s Latin spirit in everyone† aimed at the 18-24 year old market. This campaign was created to give the brand an exotic, cool to be seen drinking appeal and was aimed at the demographic that would most likely be drinking in an environment where these factors we important in their buying decision. This campaign established Bacardi Breezer as one of the major players in the alco-pop industry. Bibliography John Martin, 2010. Organizational Behaviour Management. 4th Revised edition Edition. South Western Educational Publishing. John Martin, 2004. Organizational Behaviour And Management. Edition. Thomson Learning. Laurie J. Mullins, 2006. Essentials of Management and Organisational Behaviour. Edition. FT Press. Isabel Briggs Myers, 1998. Introduction to Type: A Guide to Understanding Your Results on the Myers-Briggs Type Indicator. 6th Edition. Center for Applications of. Adrian Furnham, 2008. Personality and Intelligence at Work: Exploring and Explaining Individual Differences at Work. 1 Edition. Routledge. Stephen P. Robins, 2010. Organizational Behaviour. 1 Edition. Pearson Books. John Ivancevich, 2010. Organizational Behavior and Management. 9 Edition. McGraw-Hill/Irwin

Technology and business assessment Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2250 words

Technology and business assessment - Essay Example As stated on its website, Cisco Systems, Inc. is the worldwide leader in networking for the Internet. Cisco hardware, software, and service offerings are used to create Internet solutions that allow individuals, companies, and countries to increase productivity, improve customer satisfaction and strengthen competitive advantage. The Cisco name has become synonymous with the Internet, as well as with the productivity improvements that Internet business solutions provide. Cisco Systems vision statement claims that their vision "is to change the way people work, live, play and learn." Source from website ) Stanford University Computer Scientists Sandy Lerner and Leonard Bosack founded Cisco Systems. There was a genuine need for large scale computer networks based on industry standard technologies and while in college, they found that the inefficiencies of the current infrastructure led to great technical hitches in being compatible with the numerous mail clients. This inspiration served as a spark that set their ideas in motion and when they left the campus, they were ready to embark upon the operation. Surprisingly, its stupendous growth was the harbinger of its problems. Cisco grew rapidly and to cater to the company and product information distribution, launched an official website in 1991. It had a 50% share of the networking market and struggled to keep up with the calls it was receiving. By 1992, its market share was 85% and the customer service requests and training programs were severely straining its existing systems that were not built for these volumes. By 1993, Cisco boasted a growth of an astounding 270% growth, but its IT department was sorely lacking to cope with a half billion-dollar company growing by 50% each year. Unable to sustain, its customer service was not up to the standards desired and Cisco was losing its ratings. Its IT budget was a paltry 0.75% of sales that was way below industry standards. The Plan CIO Pete Slovik and Senior Executive, Doug Allred, brought a revolutionary concept that entailed that the IT spending was linked to the business units that in turn necessitated close alignment to the company goals. The managers of the business units would be required to independently take decisions about the investment required to reach the company targets and the level of customer satisfaction. Cisco's internal network would play a strategic role in providing the connectivity needed for the business units to build applications creatively and therefore this would require a thorough revamp of its internal infrastructure. Because it was a major decision that would cost millions, cash-strapped Cisco deliberated over the decision. Small technical difficulties kept occurring and in 1994, Cisco's systems broke down unable to cope and Cisco was forced to close down for two days. The Solution The board went ahead and approved the proposal for a $15 million Oracle ERP system. This would entail a 2.5 percent of the 1993 revenues, thrice the IT budget of the previous year. The total cost of completing the ERP was $100million. It is not an overstatement to say that the Oracle ERP system became the backbone of the Cisco E-Business. It unified all of the Unix Servers and became a source of centralized information.

Defamation of Character Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

Defamation of Character - Essay Example To cite an example of a â€Å"libel† or defamation case, let us look at the $100 million defamation lawsuit filed by a well-known Hollywood actor Tom Cruise against a pornography actor Chad Slater who uses stage name Kyle Bradford. (NDTV.com 2003).   Slater allegedly claimed he had a gay affair with Cruise that broke up Cruise's marriage (Digital Journal 2001).   According to the lawsuit filed in Los Angeles Superior Court, Slater told the French magazine Actustar that â€Å"he had a continuing homosexual relationship during Cruise’s marriage and that the relationship was discovered by Nicole Kidman, who ended the relationship†.   With this allegations, a per se defamation, it caused damage to the plaintiff or Cruise.   The defender, in the person of Slater, issued false statements in the effect that Cruise committed immoral turpitude. The lawsuit claimed that ``Cruise is not and never has been a homosexual'' and ``does not even know Slater†.   Sl ater defaulted the $100 million by claiming that he never met Cruise and said that "I hope by defaulting, Cruise will finally get what he is after and I can finally start to put my life back in order,'' (NDTV.com 2003).   The default motion did not indicated that Slater admitted to wrongdoing, but was an acknowledgment that he did not have the money to fight the lawsuit and would not contest it, causing Tom Cruise to win a $10 million defamation judgment, and clearing his name in the public eye.

USSR History Essay Example for Free

USSR History Essay The peasant women collectivization took place in the era between 1928 and 1932 (Lynne, 1992). This collectiveness can be seen as a modern day social movement geared towards fighting for human rights. The peasant women proved their political maturity through making efforts to fight for their rights in a country where opposition was unheard of. To modern historians the peasant women can be seen as agents as social change who used mental prowess to bring about social change. This collectiveness however was faced with many obstacles, for instance Soviet Union used propaganda to stop peasant women from getting together and uniting in their fight against state policy (Lynne, 1996). Soviet Union knew that such a unity would be detrimental to its fascist regime (Lynne, 1992). The success of peasant women collectivism would also be detrimental to the objectives and goals of Soviet Union. The Soviet Union can be argued to have been obsessed with its fascist kind of leadership and any slight threat had to be dealt with. For instance, peasant women were considered to be backward and incapable of spearheading any social action from its oppressive government (Lynne, 1996). With this in mind, the only possible explanation for the women collectiveness was incitement from anti soviet groups. Consequently it can be argued that the Soviet Union had a very low opinion of the peasant women. This is shown in their mode of leadership whereby they use brainwashing tactics to make the peasant women do what they wanted them to do. For instance the Soviet Union made the women take their side through propaganda and those who opposed them were treated with much violence (Lynne, 1996). On the other hand, it can be argued that the first step by the women in realizing their plight and using unity (collectiveness) to fight for their rights was a big milestone in the development of democracy not only in Soviet Union but in the world.

The Things They Carried and Herbert’s Article War is Personal :: Things They Carried Essays

The Things They Carried and Herbert’s Article War is Personal Bob Herbert's article, "War is Personal," has many parallels to Tim O'Brien's novel The Things They Carried. Although O'Brien's novel deals with the Vietnam War and Herbert's article deals with the current war with Iraq, both describe the position of American soldiers and their struggle with living in war. O'Brien's novel is more personal than Herbert's objective article but both show the importance of trust, significance of pain, and the terror of young soldiers face. In war it is important to be able to trust your fellow soldiers and allies because the conditions of war already has soldiers "a bit jumpy, [and] edgy," according to Captain James McGahey in Herbert's article. In O'Brien's novel Lee Strunk and Dave Jensen get into a fight over a stolen jackknife. Jenson injured Strunk and then broke his own nose because he was afraid of Strunk retaliating. Jensen was not able to trust Strunk to remain non-violent, which is important because, "you never want to have to think whether you can trust the guy to your left or right," according to Captain James McGahey in Herbert's article. Strunk and Jensen were able to trust each other again, making the war a little easier to handle. Although the article and novel were about two different wars, the two still serve as complements to each other. Another key event in war is the pain soldiers go through. O'Brien describes the pain of many injuries he and his platoon mates have gone through. When O'Brien got shot the second time, the medic, Jorgenson, was incompetent and didn't respond immediately. As O'Brien explains, by the time Jorgenson got to him, "I was gone with pain."(198) The same pain O'Brien experienced was explained by a soldier in Herbert's article who stated, "There was nothing in the whole world except me and that pain." War's excruciating pain is unavoidable for the young soldiers that have to experience it. The soldiers are also a parallel in the two wars. Soldiers are young and not always in war for the right reasons. As Mrs. Paine says in Herbert's article, "They're just children, really.

Play Production In The Greek & Elizabethan Eras Essay

The contemporary Greek play was an amalgamation of several artistic tools like pictures for example the one shown below which conveyed strong message to the audience. There were numerous other scenic elements used in the Greek theater. When a crane was used (called machina in Greek), it gave an impression of an airborne actor. A wheeled wagon was also common in the Greek playhouses and it made it possible for the audience to view dead characters. Openings in the ground, for example trap doors, were vital as they were used to elevate people onto the stage. Pictures like the one above, pinakes, were used to demonstrate a scene’s backdrop. Satyr plays were very common in the Greek playhouses just as were the tragedies. Phallic props were used in such plays to symbolize fertility in of the Roman and the Greek god of wine- Dionysus. Elizabethan acting was not any near ‘naturalistic.’ The repertory of the Elizabethan era was extremely divergent from that of the present as was the demands on Elizabethan actors compared to the present day’s actors. Elizabethan theaters in two weeks could frequently present â€Å"eleven shows of ten dissimilar plays†. Playhouses would not show again the same play two days in a row. The Elizabethan Era was moment that reflected the atmosphere and values of the 16th century through the application of fashion. It was a phase where a lot of uniqueness and originality was manifest and was used to produce fresh styles of dress. The style in Elizabethan England at this time replicated the worth and principles of the era. The physical theatre spaces, sets, Costumes, Lights, Who would be in the audience Much may not be available to talk about the performance space for the Greek plays. This because all that is available for consultation is basically the works of literature. However, the Greek performances took place in theaters which could be subdivided into three: Athenian, Graeco-Roman and Hellenistic. In the Elizabethan era the theater consisted of theater not only as a form of art but also as a form of institution as well. There was originality then as evidenced in dressing styles and the costumes. However, the Elizabethan playhouse never made use of prolific or lavish scenery, but as an alternative the stage was left largely exposed with a few key props, the chief visual appeal on stage was in the costumes. Costumes were habitually brilliant in color and visually enchanting. Costumes were expensive, nonetheless, so generally players wore fashionable clothing in spite of the time interlude of the play. Intermittently, a lead character would be dressed in a conventionalized edition of more historically accurate apparel, but secondary characters would nevertheless remain in fashionable attire- (Bracewell, N. 1999). The Greek theaters were filled with Athenians who formed a majority of the judges (audience). There was an extremely large audience who were won by the playwrights through distribution of small gifts and flattery as well. Dealing with rowdy (in the strict sense of being extremely loud) was a challenge the playwrights had learned to deal with through performance of some outrageous and interesting act to draw the attention of the spectators. What might be the topic of a play in theater?   What was not acceptable as a topic for a play? The Greek plays circulated around tragedies, comedies or satyrs. This was also the case with Elizabethan era whose plays got much support fro the queen. In the Greek era women were forbidden from acting thus all the actors then were men. In terms of the experience, in relation to the Elizabethan era, the religiosity of the community or the individual played a major role. However, most of those who went to the theaters enjoyed dancing and playing other games like cards. In the Greek era, it was quite a motivating factor that every day of performance there had to be at least totally different issue or subject matter of performance. It would therefore motivate audience who crowded the Athenian theaters to have their full experience. In this era too, the experience of an individual was wholly or jointly dependent on the social class of the community or individual. The higher caste would have their best when it comedy while the lower class individuals were little more violent- (Ruben F. 2006).

A Study of Sergei Eisenstein’s Montage Theory Essay

Cinema is a visual concept heavily marked by the objective of enterntainment, yet is also an ideology that is subject to a whole universe of theoretical frameworks. Many of it may trace their beginnings to a technique, as with the montage, which in French means â€Å"putting together†. This is the solid base of Russian cinema, more specifically in the montage theory subscribed to by Russian filmmakers. It is defined as a cinematic approach that depends mainly on editing, and the value of cuts in a film. In this revolutionary philosophy in cinema, probably the most recognized name is that of Sergei Eisenstein. Eisenstein was born to Jewish parents in Tsarist Russia in 1898, and was educated in Riga and St. Petersburg. He learned to speak a number of languages fluently, and was urged by his father to follow his path of becoming a civil engineer. Nonetheless, the young Eisenstein already had serious interests in theatre, and spent all of his free time watching films. The Bolshevik Revolution further reinforced his penchant for cinema, as he found himself educating workers, peasants, and troops in remote areas with camera in hand—and a gun in the other. Cinema was then perceived as a weapon by Eisenstein, a belief he would carry with him for the rest of his filmmaking career (Jonas, 1998). II, The Soviet Montage Soviet montage films were defined by its own set of values, not necessarily just techniques, but executed in a specific way. The socialist thinking was obviously present in this style, for individual characters in these films had no place as focal points. Social classes are the main issues, and the role of each character is to represent one. Various organized protests are also common elements of the film’s narrative, echoing the Russian revolution experience. Eisenstein formulated the system that resulted in a Synthesis, starting with a Thesis, followed by an Anti-Thesis—a foundation of the montage that traces its origins to Marxist themes of human history and experience being in perpetual conflict wherein a force clashes with a counterforce; the product of this encounter would be a new idea or concept, something absolutely greater than its origins (Karpenko, 2002). The montage style utilized editing and the resulting film cuts to generate reactions from the audience, usually in ways that defy convention. This contradicts traditional continuity editing, which shows scenes as they happen chronologically or at least in the same time realm; montage cutting produced overlapping or elliptical time relations between cuts. Most exemplary of this technique is Eisenstein’s Strike, where he juxtaposed scenes of two separate characters and time frames via jump cuts. In the series showing a police officer and a butcher, the editing serves a particular purpose—relate the connection between the acts being done by the officer and the butcher, in this case portray the idea that the workers were being slaughtered, just like animals. Eisenstein introduced his theory of intellectual montage, fully at work in this film by showing conflict in the juxtaposition of unrelated shots (Trischak, 1998). Eisenstein called montage a merge of opposites in art, through unity and conflict. He created this theory primarily to go against film tradition, negating the lack of character and stimulus in the logical editing of films. He listed several categories of montage, as well as the purpose of each: 1. Metric Montage. Shots are edited together according to their measured length, and are arranged according to a measure of music. Tension is invariably produced by the combination of short shots and the expected flow of melody or tone. 2. Rhythmic Montage. Compared to metric montage, action is given equal importance as the shot’s length, allowing for occasional conflicts between the montage’s rhythm and movement. An example would be the Odessa steps sequence in Battleship Potemkin, where the shot showing soldiers marching does not match the editing rhythm. This violates all metric requirements, effecting absolute tension and prepares the viewer for the iconic baby carriage scene. 3. Tonal Montage. Generally a level higher than metric montage, this style is created by the specific scene’s emotional tone. Vakulnichuk’s death in Potemkin, somber and sedate, appears in complete contrast to the steps sequence’s fast cuts. With each shot’s length at five seconds, this sequence serves as caesura, or a device to provide transition from the previous scene of violence to the citizens’ angry demonstrations. The similarities between rhythmic and tonal montage can be clearly seen as they both operate via the actions shown within each frame (HATII, 2008).

How to Write a Presentation in Psychology Guide for College Students

How to Write a Presentation in Psychology Guide for College Students Looking for tips on how to create an effective presentation in psychology? Working on this assignment, you will be able to gain an insight into a field of psychology and human interaction. But this task is rather challenging because you need to choose an interesting topic, research it and present your findings in front of the audience. To help you cope with this assignment, we have prepared this quick guide where you will find all the necessary information for writing and delivering an awesome psychology presentation. And if you need advice on completing other type of project, on our website you can find plenty of full guides to all writing assignments our there. In this article, we will discuss specifics of presentations in psychology, give advice to how to choose a good topic, provide you with step-by-step writing guide, and give you some tips on creating visual aids for your presentation. What Is a Presentation in Psychology? Psychology studies the human brain and people’s behavior, interactions, and thoughts. This interesting field of study has a broad scope and is relevant to a wide range of sectors, including social services, health, advertising, and education. Psychology writing has a goal to inform the audience about new ideas, theories or experiments. Students who study psychology have to write different types of assignment, including essays where they need to develop a coherent argument, research reports where they present results of their research in the format of a journal article, and methodology recounts describing methods they used for conducting experiments and recording their findings. Besides, you may be assigned to prepare a paper presentation and deliver a talk presenting results of your research in front of the audience. When you write a presentation in psychology, you need to convey factual knowledge which is supported by research and be as precise as possible. Making a presentation has some specifics because you need to consider the fact that your audience will not be able to read your paper. Your task is to communicate complex ideas clearly and concisely, minimizing the use of descriptive language and complex sentences and make them understandable to a wide audience. That’s why your presentation should be written in a simple language and you should try to explain complex concepts with a minimum of specific terms. Besides, you may need to prepare visual aids (slides, handouts, posters) to help your listeners follow your argument and emphasize the most important points. Presenting results of the research can be stressful even for experienced psychology scientists because oral presentations take only 10-15 minutes and you need to decide what information to include and how to organize it so that your audience won’t be bored. Choosing an interesting topic and detailed planning are the keys to success. How to Choose a Good Topic for a Psychology Presentation It goes without saying that you should choose a topic you are passionate about. You will be more motivated to overcome possible challenges connected with doing research, organizing material, structuring your presentation, and building slides. But you should also consider your audience – whether they will be members of the faculty who are familiar with psychology concepts or whether they will be people who may never had a class in psychology. Knowing your audience will help you choose the scope of the topic appropriate to their level of knowledge and structure your presentation in psychology with appropriate depth. When you choose a topic, make sure is it is narrow enough so you will be able to cover it in a limited period of time and start researching it – read good primary and secondary sources and take notes of the key ideas that you may want to include in your presentation. Looking for an engaging topic for research? Feel free to choose the one you like from our list: Maslow’s Theory of Motivation; Gender Roles in Relationships; Social Psychological Aspects of Cults; Key Theories of Albert Bandura; Causes of Personality Disorders; The Value of Self-Affirmations; Intelligence and Achievement Testing; Psychology and the Global Climate Change; NLP Communication Model; Anxiety in Children; Psychology of Dreams; Causes of Eating Disorders; Child Abuse and Mental Health Issues; Impact of Exercise on Mental Health; Physical Effects of Stress and Anxiety. Plan Your Presentation Planning stage is very important. Now you have to decide what main messages you want to communicate to your audience – your presentation may be informative or persuasive. Create a strong highly specific thesis statement for your presentation and organize the information you have gathered during your research. A thesis statement presents your main idea in 1 or 2 sentences and lets your audience know what they should expect. A strong thesis statement is clear, concise, specific, and original. It shouldn’t just announce your topic but also reflect your specific angle on the topic. For example, if you are going to make a presentation on the psychology of childhood and fairy tales, your thesis statement may look like this one: ‘Fairy tales reveal a number of specific relationships between young children and their mothers and help explain some important aspects of the psychology of young children like high competition for mother’s attention between siblings and fear of abandonment.’ Use brainstorming techniques and mind mapping and decide what key points you can include in your presentation to effectively support your thesis. When determining how important each piece of content is and whether you should include it or not, you should consider its added value. Your task is to provide a logical argument. Remember: no matter how good an idea is if it doesn’t contribute to supporting your thesis, you should exclude it. Besides, you should remember that you have limited time for your oral presentation so you should be concise when presenting the background and the theory for your research in order to have more time for presenting your study and findings. Share only the necessary information and emphasize your key points to convey a clear message to your audience. It’s important to create a working outline that will help you stay on the track as you write your presentation. Creating an outline in the form of a mind map, a summary table or using another method will make the writing process easier and quicker. There is no set formula for the structure of your presentation but you may follow a basic structure that includes an introduction, main body, and conclusion. Write a Draft for Your Psychology Presentation When you start writing your draft, you should remember that your task is to present a logical sequence of ideas. Don’t just write all the information that you know but articulate your argument and discuss it. Your presentation should â€Å"flow† and each paragraph should be linked to the previous one. Besides, every paragraph needs to represent one main theme which is explained, developed, and illustrated by evidence and examples. Now let’s discuss how to write each part of a psychology presentation in detail. Introductions typically take about 10% of the full word count. A good introduction: begins with a general statement that introduces a topic; provides background information and defines the key terms; sum-ups in 1 or 2 sentences the overall goal of your presentation or reveals your position concerning the issue; identifies the main themes that will be discussed; outlines the presentation’s key argument. For example, you may start your introduction with a general statement that introduces a broad topic like this one: ‘Recent studies on personality development have revealed insight in specific areas which were earlier considered inexplicable such as early interpersonal environment but there are some inconsistencies that require additional examination.’ Sometimes, it is better to write your introduction after you have finished the main body. This approach is preferable when the topic area is not familiar to you. Writing your introduction last will allow you to show a better understanding of the topic and make the beginning of your psychology presentation more powerful. If you write your introduction first, you should check it after you finish the body to ensure that it introduces all your arguments. Body paragraphs typically take about 80% of the total word count. Every body paragraph should convey one main theme and present a number of points relevant to your overall argument. All points should be explained, evaluated, and supported by high-quality evidence and examples. You may also include relevant quotations that support your point of view but you should use them sparingly. You should take into consideration that in psychology, all evidence should rely on data and not on someone’s opinion. For example, if you want to state that attitudes towards gay rights have more liberal in the US, you may convey this idea like this: ‘Recent research has shown that people’s attitudes towards gay rights have typically become more liberal over the last 10 years (Brown, 2015).’ Begin each body paragraph with a topic sentence that introduces the main idea. Include supporting sentences to develop this idea and examples, facts or expert ideas that prove the key point. Provide an evaluation of the evidence and explain why you think it is relevant to your topic. Sum up the ideas of each paragraph with a concluding sentence. Use specific phrases and sentences to show transitions between the paragraphs, for example, in addition, consequently, however, therefore, nevertheless, obviously, on the contrary, in the same way, etc. Ideally, a conclusion summarizes and ties together all the key themes and arguments of your psychology presentation. You shouldn’t include any new information here – only the information and arguments you have already discussed. You may restate your position, briefly sum up and evaluate the key points, and suggest some ideas for further research in the concluding sentence. Revise and Edit Your Draft When you finish the first draft of your presentation, you must revise it and check if it â€Å"flows†. A logical flow is an essential feature of an effective communication as well as correct grammar and spelling. Reread your presentation to take a second look at your ideas and make changes to ensure that all paragraphs follow a logical order. You may change or add information to make your ideas more accurate or more convincing. You may need to rearrange your paragraphs to different positions so that their themes were arranged in a logical sequence. The next stage is editing when you need to improve the writing style. You should check how you expressed your interesting ideas. You can change or add words to improve word choice. You need to fix sentence structure and eliminate spelling, grammar, and punctuation mistakes. Do your best to make your presentation in psychology a polished piece of writing. Finally, format your psychology presentation using the APA style. Tips on Making Visuals for a Presentation in Psychology Visual aids (slides, handouts, graphs, charts, posters) help you guide your audience through your talk and communicate the essential information more clearly. For example, if you are talking about a specific part of the human brain, it would be better if your audience could see a picture of the human brain where this specific part is highlighted. But if you use something like humorous animation or clipart, your visual aid will not be helpful in enhancing the audience’s understanding. Here are some tips on how to create effective slides: Make your slides simple and only add elements, for example, colors that can add some value to your presentation in psychology; Use large fonts – 32pt for your main points and 44pt for titles; Don’t write complete sentences. Instead, use bullet points to give your audience a structure they could follow; If you use graphs and charts, keep them simple and don’t clutter them with additional numbers; Make your visuals professionally attractive. Use the same fonts and backgrounds for all slides and be very careful with images that are not relevant to your topic. Creating presentations doesn’t need to be a challenge. We hope that our easy writing guide will help you create a powerful presentation in psychology and make a great impression on your audience.

How Long Does It Take to Get SAT Scores Back

How Long Does It Take to Get SAT Scores Back SAT / ACT Prep Online Guides and Tips Don't you wish you could find out how you scored on the SAT right after you finish taking the test? Or maybe you'd like to forget all about it and pretend it never happened (better luck next time)! Either way, your wait time for your SAT scores will bethe same: somewhere between two and sixweeks. This article fills you in on all the details of SAT score reporting and offers some advice for what to do once you get your scores. When Do You Get Your SAT Scores? How long does it take to get SAT scores back? It's a good question, and one that's on everybody's minds after the exam. SAT multiple-choice scores are released 13 days after you take the SAT. (One exception is the June test date, which typically has a score release date about five weeks after the test.) If you took theSAT with Essay, you'll receive your Essay score two to five days after you receive your multiple-choice scores (so about 15-18 days after you took the SAT). After about a year of having longer waits (between three and six weeks) to receive SAT scores, the College Board has revamped its schedule to give you your scores sooner. Yay! Now, the actual time of SAT score release varies. Sometimes it's as early as 5 am Eastern Time (2 am Pacific Time). I wouldn't advise refreshing your account over and over at 4:59 (or 1:59 for you West Coasters) since the release time isn't always exact. Your colleges will get your scores within 10 days after you receive them(if you've indicated them as score recipients). Check out the chart below for exact score release dates by test date. 2019-21 SAT Score Release by Test Dates The chart below shows when you'll be able to see your SAT scores for each test date in the 2019-20 testing year. These score release dates have all been confirmed by the College Board. As you'll see in the chart, for each of these test dates (except June 1st), you'll get your multiple-choice results just 13 days after you take the SAT, and your Essay score (if you took it) two to five days after that. Your SAT score results will be sent to the colleges you indicated within 10 days of you getting your scores. However, for the June test day, you'll have to wait about five weeks before receiving your multiple-choice results. 2019-20 SAT Score Release by Test Dates Test Date Multiple-Choice Scores Release Essay Score Release Multiple-Choice Scores Sent to Colleges By Scores w/ Essay Sent to Colleges By 6/1/2019 7/10/2019 7/12/2019-7/15/2019 7/20/2019 7/22/2019-7/25/2019 8/24/2019 9/6/2019 9/8/2019-9/13/2019 9/16/2019 9/18/2019-9/23/2019 10/5/2019 10/18/2019 10/20/2019-10/23/2019 10/28/2019 10/30/2019-/01/2019 /2/2020 /15/2019 /17/2019-/20/2019 /25/2019 /27/2019-/30/2019 12/7/2020 12/20/2019 12/22/2019-12/25/2019 12/30/2019 1/1/2020-1/3/2020 3/14/2020 3/27/2020 3/29/2020-4/1/2020 4/6/2020 4/8/2020-4//2020 5/2/2020 5/15/2020 5/17/2020-5/20/2020 5/15/2020 5/27/2020-5/30/2020 6/6/2020 7/15/2020 7/15/2020-7/17/2020 7/25/2020 7/25/2020-7/27/2020 We also have anticipated score release dates for the 2020-2021 school year, calculated based on past years' score releases. We'll update these as more information becomes available. 2020-21 SAT Score Release by Test Dates (Anticipated) Test Date Multiple-Choice Scores Release Essay Score Release Multiple-Choice Scores Sent to Colleges By Scores w/ Essay Sent to Colleges By Aug 29 Sep Sep 13-16 Sep 21 Sep 23-26 Oct 3 Oct 16 Oct 18-21 Oct 26 Oct 28-31 Nov 7 Nov 20 Nov 22-24 Nov 30 Dec 2-5 Dec 7 Dec 20 Dec 23-25 Dec 25 Dec 27-30 Mar 13 March 26 Mar 28-31 Apr 5 Apr 7-10 May 8 May 21 May 23-26 May 31 June 2-June 5 June 5 July 10 July 12-15 July 20 July 22-25 These dates are when most students will get their SAT scores, but an unlucky few might have to wait longer.They might sign into their College Board accounts to find that their scores still aren't ready. What are some possible reasons why your scores wouldn't show up on score-release day? Where in the world are your SAT scores? What If Your SAT Scores Haven't Been Released? There are a few possible explanations if your SAT scores aren't released on test day. None are especially common, so I wouldn't worry too much about any of them happening to you! Read on for the fourmain causes of score delays. Cause1: Random Test Audit The most random reason would be if the College Board decided to do a random audit of tests to ensure scoring accuracy and your test got chosen. If that were the case, you'd have to wait longer for your scores, but they'd eventually get sent to you. If you didn't get an email or letter from the College Board (they're a fan of sending information out by mail, for some reason), you could give your regional College Board office a call. Be prepared to be transferred and put on hold for a while, though. If you can't tell, I haven't had the best customer service when it comes to the College Board. Cause2: Red Flags on Your Test Another possible reason is that your test was flagged because you improved by an unusually large number of points, such as 400 or 500 points. If your SAT score goes up hundreds of points between test administrations, the College Board might hold your test to check for scoring accuracy or signs of cheating. I worked with an ESL student whose scores were withheld after he improved a few hundred points. We sent in letters on his behalf about all the prep he'd done between tests, but the College Board still canceled his scores in the end. In addition to helping you solve problems while you're taking the SAT, it's a good idea to show your work in your test booklet in the event that this happens to you. This way you can more easily prove that you didn't cheat. In these circumstances, or if a teacher reports cheating, the College Board might compare your answers with the answers of those sitting next to you to try to rule out any foul play. Cause3: Irregularities at Your Testing Site Another possible reason for score delay would be irregularities at the testing site. As an example, this happened during the June 6, 2015 SAT, when some students got an extra five minutes on what should have been a 20-minute section. Cause4: They're Just Being Slow Finally, the reason might simply be that theCollege Board is running behind. They have a ton of tests to grade from students all over the US and world. If you know other students from your testing center or even testing room who've gotten back their scores, you should take action: call the College Board to try to get to the bottom of it. Speaking of which, how do you know whether others have received their SAT scores? Guys, what's the news? Where to Check If Others Have Received Their SAT Scores On plenty of discussion forums, students get up early (or stay up late, depending on the time zone) and count down to the exact moment when their SAT scores are released. The most up-to-date threads can be found on College Confidential, on which you can create an account and play your part in the waiting game. Again, release times vary,so there's really no use getting stressed and losing sleep over it. Your scores will be there when you wake up in the morning! For students who test at their schools with their peers, you'll likely hear through general word of mouth who got their scores (and whether they were psyched or disappointed). Make sure to have your College Board username and password on hand so you can easily sign into your account and view your scores. You can also see whether colleges got your scores. Just go to the "My Scores Sent To" page. If they were sent, the page will say "received" for each college. If not, it will say "pending." Once you get your SAT scores, you can decide whether you're satisfied with the outcome or want (and have time) to retake the test. Do your SAT scores give you a happy face or a sad face? What to Do Once You Receive Your SAT Scores While you shouldn't stay up all night wondering, "When will I get my SAT scores?" and trying to will your scores to appear on-screen, you'll benefit from checking the same day they're released. Why? The sooner you check, the sooner you can figure out whether you're satisfied with your scores or see room for improvement. Here are two options for what to do once you get your SAT scores: Option 1: Send Additional Score Reports to Colleges If you're satisfied with your scores and have more than four schools to send them to, startsending additional score reports to colleges. Make sure to send these colleges your SAT scores as soon as you can so that your colleges will receive them before the application deadline. Additional score reports are not free and cost $12 per report (if you were eligible for a registration fee waiver, however, you can get these reports free as well). If you need your scores to get to your colleges sooner, you can opt for rush reporting, which costs an extra $31 (on top of the $12 per report). This service sends score reports to schools within two to four business days. Option 2: Retake the SAT Not satisfied with your scores? If you have time before yourcollege application deadlinesand will put in the effort to prep, it's a good idea toretake the SAT. You can base your decision to retest on several factors.Ask yourself these questionsin order to determine whether you would benefit from taking the SAT again: What's your target score? How much prep have you already put in? How much more time do you have to prepare before your next test? How many times have you already taken the SAT, and what improvement have you seen? On a related note, because a lot of colleges superscore the SAT, you won't have to worry about accidentally scoring worse on one or more sections. (If you're prepping effectively, however, this is unlikely anyway!) Make sure to send your official score reports to all your colleges. Recap: When Do You Get Your SAT Scores? In closing, let's go over the most important points to remember about receiving your SAT scores. After you finish taking the SAT, you'll have to wait about two weeks to get your scores back (five weeks if taking the June SAT). If you took the SAT with Essay, expect to get your Essay score a few days after you get your multiple-choice scores online. You can check to see whether others have gotten their SAT scores by browsing online forums such as College Confidential or by talking with your peers at school. Once you get your scores, your two main options are to either send additional score reports to schools (if satisfied with your scores) or sign up for a retake (if dissatisfied with your scores). Don't forget to factor any extra time you need into your plans so you can ensure your scores will be able to get to your schools in time! What's Next? After you get your SAT scores, you can decide if you're satisfied or if you want to test again. But what exactly are you aiming to score? This article goes over what low scores, good scores, and excellent scores are. Check it out so you can determine your own target SAT score. Are you looking to improve your score on a specific section of the SAT? Read our advice and strategies for improving your scores on the SATReading, Writing, and Math sections. Want to improve your SAT score by 160 points? We've written a guide about the top 5 strategies you must be using to have a shot at improving your score. Download it for free now:

Writing a event vividly Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words

Writing a event vividly - Essay Example Even with my nervousness, the girl noticed me and came closer, from her marvelous smile, and the first word from her gave me the courage to speak to her. Through the first conversation I could feel love feelings oozing out of my heart, as I conversed with her, Emma, as she told me her name was, was the girl I had been searching for, she was definitely the my destiny and the love of my life. Reading my story, one might think that I am too sentimental as a man, in my mind I now believed that love existed. From that supermarket moment, I laid siege to Emma, I did everything possible to win her heart over, I turned into this romantic guy I never thought I could be. Almost all my activities towards her were romantic, in most cases I found myself thinking about her and how our next date would be. After some time, my tremulous attention, and my unending pursuit made Emma say â€Å"yes† to my proposal of having a relationship with me. Emma and I were soon dating; obviously, we were in love, and no doubt that the relationship was the beginning of the happiest time of my life. At least, I thought that for I was flying high, the voice deep down kept telling me â€Å"you the luckiest man alive.† Every day I was planning something new and interesting to make Emma happy. Every minute I spent away from her seemed like a lifetime, the time I spent with her was the best moments of my life. We even had our places in parks, cinemas, cafes and just in the streets, we enjoyed each other’s time, to some extent, my future was clear Approximately, seven months into our romantic relationship, Emma told me that there was no future for us; apparently, her parents did not see me as a good life partner for their daughter. The case was that Emma’s family was against miscegenation; they were white Americans and did not want representatives of other nations or races to enter into their family. Moreover, there was a good marriage candidate for Emma, a son of her

Protecting Intellectual Property Rights With Information Assurance Research Paper

Protecting Intellectual Property Rights With Information Assurance - Research Paper Example Thus, information assurance was given birth as a response to the threat of hacking and stealing vital information, especially data from particular high-profile government or institution. The definitions and practices pertaining to information assurance, on the other hand, are multifaceted and multifarious. Like the complicated Web and its laws, if there are any, the information assurance is an intricate field of human knowledge. This paper discusses the numerous and various definitions of the concept called information assurance (hereinafter IA). It also examines the security services prominent in the information assurance. Of Definitions There are numerous definitions or categorization to the concept of â€Å"information assurance.† Most of these definitions are defined or categorized by various U.S. government institutions such as the U.S. Air Force, the National Defense University, the Pentagon, among other institutions. The U.S. Air Force, for one, categorizes the term inf ormation assurance as a representation of â€Å"measures to protect friendly information systems by preserving the availability, integrity, and confidentiality of the systems and the information contained within the systems† (as cited in Curts & Campbell, 2002, pp. 1-2). What is peculiar in this definition of IA is the description of the information systems as something friendly. ... (The emphasis of Curts and Campbell’s IA is on the protection through preservation.) On the one hand, the Pentagon’s Office of the Secretary of Defense categorizes IA in this fashion: â€Å"Informational assurance is the component of information operations that assures the Department of Defense’s operational readiness by providing for the continuous availability and reliability of information systems and networks† (as cited in Curts & Campbell, 2002, p. 2). Here, the definition of the phrase â€Å"information assurance† centers on, as the phrase implies, the assurance of readiness via the provision of availability and reliability of information systems or networks. In contrast to the U.S. Air Force’s, the Pentagon views IA as an assurance -- not as a protection of authenticity -- for availability and reliability of the systems and/or networks. Further, Pentagon’s concept of information assurance is contextualized -- that is, the praxis of IA largely belongs to certain operational activities or transactions by its Department of Defense. The National Defense University (NDU), on the other hand, describes IA as â€Å"information operations (IO) that protect and defend information systems by ensuring their integrity, authentication, confidentiality, and non-repudiation† (as cited in Curts & Campbell, 2002, p. 2). Like the Pentagon’s IA, NDU’s information assurance is synonymous or attributed to the information operations. This similarity is grounded on the fact that both institutions, by nature of their office or function, are military in orientation. But unlike the Pentagon’s, IA as outlined by the National Defense University is perceived in terms of protecting and defending the systems or networks through ensuring or ascertaining not only their CIA but